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Liquid/liquid extraction is one of the most widely employed and useful techniques in pharmaceutical sample preparation. This is due to a number of characteristics, including simplicity, rapid method development, and reasonable selectivity. In this module, the basic principles of liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) are described, as well as an overview of limitations and drawbacks of LLE protocols. Specific advice is given for various problems that are routinely encountered. Emulsions and how to deal with them is discussed, and support-assisted liquid/liquid extraction (SALLE) is presented as a useful variation on standard liquid/liquid extraction.

At the end of this module you will understand how to maximize analyte recovery by optimizing liquid/liquid extraction conditions; maximize extract cleanliness by optimizing liquid/liquid extraction conditions; minimize the impact of some common problems in liquid/liquid extraction; and recognize practical aspects of support-assisted liquid/liquid extraction.

 

Topics include:

Liquid/Liquid Extraction Techniques